State Resources

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All States

The Law


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Attorney General's Opinions


No data available at this time

State Audits


Freedom of Information in the USA
In addition to a thorough analysis of the laws, a survey asked 191 investigative journalists across the US to rank their satisfaction with the state FOI laws in the state in which they practice their craft. This analysis will best serve the public and the media as a starting point rather than an end. The report, completed by the Investigative Reporters and Editors and Better Government Association, shows each state's FOI law's strengths and weaknesses.

FOI UPDATE: State and local developments
A roundup of the state FOI audits, followed by a state-by-state roundup of other FOI developments.

Organizations


Society of Professional Journalists
Joel Campbell, SPJ FOI Co-chair
Phone: 801-422-2125
Fax: 801/422-0160
E-mail: joel_campbell@byu.edu
SPJ Project Sunshine Chairs -
a list of FOI contacts in 50 states
The Freedom Forum
a nonpartisan, international foundation dedicated to "free press, free speech and free spirit for all people."
The Freedom of Information Clearinghouse
a joint project of Public Citizen and Ralph Nader's Center for Study of Responsive Law.
Openthegovernment.org, a citizen coalition that seeks to advance the public's right to know and to reduce secrecy in government.
National Freedom of Information Coalition
all 50 states FOI statues, constitutions and resource center. The Coalition also has an official blog.
The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press -
a nonprofit group providing free legal help to journalists and news organizations.

NEW! Coalition of Journalists for Open Government
Contact: Pete Weitzel
Phone: (703) 807-2100
Email: pweitzel@rcfp.org

The Sunshine in Government Initiative
Coordinator: Rick Blum
1101 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1100
Arlington, Virginia 22209
(703) 807-2100
E-mail: rblum@sunshineingovernment.org
The Sunshine in Government Initiative is a coalition of media groups committed to promoting policies that ensure the government is accessible, accountable and open.
Information Today List of FOI Sites -
A feature article on post-9/11 secrecy and a comprehensive list of organizations that monitor and report on freedom of information issues.

About the Law


General resources:

Open Meetings Model Law: Guidelines and Recommended Minimum Standards for Statutes Governing Public Access to Government Meetings

Project Sunshine: The Society of Professional Journalists' nationwide grass-roots campaign to examine, evaluate and ultimately improve public and press access to government proceedings and records.

Shhh!!: Keeping Current on Government Secrecy - An Information Today feature article on post-9/11 secrecy offering a comprehensive list of organizations that monitor and report on freedom of information issues.

Open Government Guide - a comprehensive guide to open records and meetings laws in the 50 states and D.C. published online by the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press.

Freedom of Information in the USA: Part II
This study analyzed the freedom of information statutes in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia using a set of criteria to measure the effectiveness of these laws at promoting a policy of openness in government.

Open Doors: Accessing Government Records - A resource complied by the Society of Professional Journalists that addresses how FOI laws work (and the distinctions between state and federal laws), how FOI laws or concepts apply to specific circumstances or subjects, and where more information on FOI can be found.

Quill Online - the Society of Professional Journalist's national magazine

American Society of Newspaper Editors FOI SECTION

How to file a FOIA request guide by the First Amendment Center.

The News Media and the Law -- a quarterly magazine on all aspects of media law published by the Reporters' Committee for Freedom of the Press

FOI News from the Associated Press - Up-to-date links to news stories related to media access and freedom of information.

The FOI Advocate - an online newsletter produced at the University of Missouri - Columbia

Cate, F.H. and Varn, R.J. (1999). The public record: Information privacy and access: A new framework for finding the balance. Washington, DC: Coalition for Sensible Public Records.

 

Access to
Computer Records:
Access to Electronic Records - a 50-state survey of constitutional provisions, statutes, court decisions, attorney general opinions and gubernatorial executive orders concerning access to electronic records. Produced by the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press.

Books:

Henry Perritt Jr., Law and the Information Superhighway (1996)

Law Review Articles:

Barbara S. Accetta, Can Courtroom Doors be Closed When Minor Victim Testifies in Sex Offense Trials?, 16 Suffolk U. Law Rev. (1982).

Christopher C. Alexander and Kelly Jo Slone, Thinking About the Private Matters in Public Documents: Bankruptcy Privacy in an Electronic Age , 75 Am. Bankr. L.J. 437 (2001).

Joseph F. Anderson, Symposium: Secrecy in Litigation: Foreword: Secrecy in Litigation: The Healthy Debate Continues, 81 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 301 (2006).

Allan Ashman, Public Records... Right of Access, 67 A.B.A. Jl. (1981).

R. James Assaf, Mr. Smith Comes Home: The Constitutional Presumption of Openness in Local Legislative Meetings, 40 Case W. Res. 227 (1990).

Benjamin H. Bagdikian, Access to the Media- Right of Access- a modest proposal, 8 Columbia Jou. Rev. (1969).

Brooke Barnett, Use of Public Record Databases in Newspaper and Television Newsrooms, 53 Fed. Comm. L.J. 557 (2001).

Christopher Beall, The Exaltation of Privacy Doctrines Over Public Information Law, 45 Duke L.J. 1249 (1996).

R.R. Belair, Less Government Secrecy & More Personal Privacy? Experience with the Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts , 4 Civil Liberties Rev. (1977).

Jennifer A. Bensch, Government in the Sunshine Act: Seventeen Years Later: Has Government Let the Sun Shine In?, 61 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. (1993).

Arminda Bepko, Public Availability or Practical Obscurity: The Debate Over Public Access to Court Records on the Internet,49 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 967 (2004).

Jerry Berman, The Right to Know: Public Access to Electronic Public Information, 3 Software L.J. 491 (1989).

Ira Bloom, Freedom of Information Laws in the Digital Age: The Death Knell of Informational Privacy, 12 Rich. J.L. & Tech. 9 (2006).

Mark D. Bloom, David M. Olenczuk and Richard Wynne, Reorganizing in a Fish Bowl: Public Access vs. Protecting Confidential Information, 73 Am. Bankr. L.J. 775 (1999).

Melissa Bowman, Open Debate over Closed Doors: The Effect of the New Developmental Disabilities Regulations on Protection and Advocacy Programs, 85 Ky. L.J. 995 (1996).

Robert N. Brailas, Press Access to Government-Controlled Information and the Alternative Means Test, 59 Tex. L. Rev. (1981).

Nicholas Bramble, Note: Preparing Academic Scholarship for an Open Access World, 20 Harv. J. Law & Tec 209 (Fall, 2006).

Christopher Brancart, Rethinking the State Secrets Privilege, 9 Whittier Law Rev. (1987).

Burt A. Braverman, Chrysler Corp. v. Brown: Protecting business secrets in the 1980s, 4 Corp. L. Rev. (1980).

Burt A. Braverman & Wesley R. Heppler, A Practical Review of State Open Records Laws, 49 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. (1981).

Edwin C. Bridges, State Record Laws and the Preservation of an Archival Record, 18 Bull Am. Soc. Info. Science 1 (1991).

Kenneth Brown, The Internet Privacy Debate, 6 Int'l J. Comm. L. & Pol'y 1, 2000/2001.

Bohan Bugaric, Openness and Transparency in Public Communication: Challenges for Public Law,22 Wis. Int'l L.J. 483 (2004).

Matthew D. Bunker, Have it Your Way? Public Records Law and Computerized Government Information, 73 J&MC Quarterly 90, Spring 1996.

Matthew Bunker et al., Access to Government-Held Information in the Computer Age: Applying Legal Doctrine to Emerging Technology, 20 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 543 (1993).

A.T. Burch, News Media and the Law, 43 Chi. B. Rec. 297 (1962).

Ellen M. Bush, Access to Governor's Records, Journalism Quarterly 135, Spring 1994.

Clay Calvert, The Privacy of Death: An Emergent Jurisprudence and Legal Rebuke to Media Exploitation and a Voyeuristic Culture, 26 Loy. L.A. Ent. L. Rev. 133 (2005/2006).

Clay Calvert, Victories for privacy and losses for journalism? Five Privacy Controversies from 2004 and Their Policy Implications for the Future of Reportage, 13 J.L. & Pol'y 649 (2005).

Maria W. Campbell, Discovery of Confidential State Documents in Civil Proceedings, 46 Mo. Law Rev. (1981).

Paul G. Cassell, Restriction on Press Coverage of Military Operations: The right of access, Grenada, and "off the record" wars, 73 Geo. Law J. 931 (1985).

Robert L. Chartrance, Public Laws and Public Access, 5 Information Society (1987).

Sarah Coker, Access Denied: How State Laws Limiting Access to Government Reports Result in an Unfair Restriction On Commercial Speech, 43 Brandeis L.J. 667 (2005).

Phillip J. Cooper, Acquisition, Use, and Dissemination of Information: A consideration and critique of the public law perspective, 33 Adv. Law Rev. (1981).

Michael P. Cox, Application of Sunset Principles to State Judicial Functions: The power to appoint, 33 Okla. L. Rev. (1980).

Michael P. Cox, Application of Sunset Principles to State Judicial Functions: Judges as fact finders, 33 Okla. L. Rev. (1980).

Michael P. Cox, Application of Sunset Principles to State Judicial Functions: The ex officio role, 33 Okla. L. Rev. (1980).

Anne E. Crane, Unsealing Adoption Records: The right to know versus the right to privacy, 1986 Annual Survey of American Law. (1987).

J.C. Daly, Ensuring Fair Trials and a Free Press: a task for the presss and the Bar alike, 50 ABA J. 1037 (1964).

Irina Y. Dmitrieva, State Ownership of Copyrights in Primary Law Materials, 23 Hastings Comm. & Ent. L.J. 81 (2001).

Lloyd Doggett and Michael J. Mucchetti, Public Access to Public Courts: Discouraging Secrecy in the Public Interest , 69 Tex. L. Rev. 643 (1991).

Richard A. Dollinger, Public Access to Pretrial Criminal Hearings: The use of closure orders, 44 Albany L. Rev. (1980).

Dennis J. Drasco, Symposium: Public Access to Information in Civil Litigation vs. Litigant's Demand for Privacy: Is the "Vanishing Trial" an Avoidable Consequence?, 2006 J. Disp. Resol. 155 (2006).

Donna Dumas, It its Zeal to Plug Leaks, the Government is Overlooking a Few Things-- Like the First Amendment, 18 Student Lawyer 4. (1987).

Laurie Kratky Dore, Public Courts Versus Private Justice: It's Time to Let Some Sun Shine in on Alternative Dispute Resolution, 81 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 463, (2006).

Eric B. Easton, Public Importance: Balancing Proprietary Interests and the Right to Know, 21 Cardozo Arts & Ent LJ 139 (2003).

Nancy L. Eaton, Freedom and Equality of Access to Information - The Lacy Commission Report 39 Library Trends 1-2 (1990).

Robert C. Ellyson & William H. Van Renssellaer, Sunset- Is the Profession Ready for It?, 149 J. Accountancy (1980).

Howard M. Erichson, Symposium: Secrecy in Litigation: Article: Court-Ordered Confidentiality in Discovery, 81 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 357 (2006).

Daniel H. Erskine, An Analysis of the Legality of Television Cameras Broadcasting Juror Deliberations in a Criminal Case, 39 Akron L. Rev. 701 (2006).

Anthony L. Fargo, The Journalist's Privilege for Nonconfidential Information in States with Shield Laws, 4 Comm. L. & Pol'y 325, Summer 1999.

Craig D. Feiser, Protecting the Public's Right to Know: The Debate over Privatization and Access to Government Information Under State Law, 27 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. 825 (2000).

Sandra Ferguson Chance & Colleen Connolly-Ahern, Beyond Election 2000: Law & Policy in the New Millennium: A Vote of Confidence? Florida's Public Records Law and the 2000 Presidential Election Recounts: Could It Happen in Another State?, 13 J.Law & Pub. Pol'y 135 (2001).

James L. Forman, Sealing and Unsealing Wrongful Death and Minor Settlement Documents, 13 William Mitchell Law Rev. (1987).

Nancy T. Gardner, Cameras in the Courtroom: Guidelines for state criminal trials, 84 Mich Law Rev. 475 (1985).

Andrew D. Goldstein, Sealing and Revealing: Rethinking the Rules Governing Public Access to Information Generated Through Litigation, 81 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 375, (2006).

Bruce D. Goldstein, Confidentiality and Dissemination of Personal Information: an Examination of State Laws Governing Data Protection, 41 Emory L.J. 1185 (1992).

Cynthia Goldstein, Freedom of Information Can Involve Many Fronts, 14 Media Law Notes 1 (1987).

Golston, Garnholm and Robinson, A Nation Less Secure: Diminished Public Access to Information, 21 Harv. Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 409 (Summer 1986).

Richard F. Good, A Rich of Access to a Criminal Courtroom, 51 U. Colo. L. Rev (1980).

Orrin G. Hatch, Balancing Freedom of Information with Confidentiality for Law Enforcement, 9 Jl. Contemp. Law 1 (1983).

Kristin Henning, Eroding Confidentiality in Delinquency Proceedings: Should Schools and Public Housing Authorities be Notified?, 79 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 520 (2004).

Leo Herzel and Richard W. Shepro, Danger Signals Raised by Expanded Disclosure, 198 New York Law Journal 1 (1987).

R. Michael Hoefges, The Use of State Criminal and Accident Records for Targeted, Direct-Mail Solicitations: Commercial Speech, Access and Privacy, 3 Comm. L. & Pol'y 331, Spring 1998.

W. Holmes, "Public Records" - Who knows what they are?, 23 American Archivist, (1960).

F. Horton, Public's Right to Know , 3 NC Cent. L. J. 123 (1972).

Stephen K. Huber, Mandatory Disclosure of Information about Banks, 6 Annual Rev. of Banking Law (1987).

Daniel F. Hunter, Electronic Mail and Michigan's Public Disclosure Laws: The Argument for Public Access to Governmental Electronic Mail, 28 U. Mich. J.L. Reform 977 (1995).

Sharon Iorio, How State Open Meetings Laws Now Compare with Those of 1974, 62 Journalism Quarterly 741, Winter 1985.

Elliot Jaspin and Mark Sabelman, News Media Access to Computer Records: Updating Information Laws in the Electronic Age, 36 St. Louis U. L.J. 349 (1991).

Joint Legis. Info. Tech. Resource Comm., Electronic Records Access: Problems and Issues 34 (1994).

Michele Johnson, Of Public Interest: How Courts Handle Rape Victims' Privacy Suits, 4 Comm. L. & Pol'y, Spring 1999.

E. Jones, The Law and the Press, the Release of Official Information, and the Public Interest, 2 Journalism Today (1970).

B.L. Kaiser, Patients' Rights of Access to Their Own Medical Records: the need for new law , 24 Buffalo Law Rev. (1975).

Timothy L. Kern, Peering Into the Courtroom: An analysis of the public interest, 15 Val. U.L. Rev. (1981).

William O. Key, Jr., The Common Law Right to Inspect and Copy Judicial Records: In camera or on camera, 16 Ga. Law Rev. (1982).

Michael D. Kirby, Access to Information and Privacy: The Ten Information Commandments, 55 U. Cincinatti Law Rev. (1987).

Sidne Koenigsberg, Contract Options for Individual Artists: Library Records Open to Parental Scrutiny: A New Set of Internet Access Controls for Minors?, 29 Colum. J.L. & Arts 361, (2006).

Frederick T. Kolb, Settlement Documents are Public Records, 29 La. B. J. 30 (1981).

James C. Lemay, A Definitional Approach to Secondary School Students' Right to Know, 42 Ohio St. Law J. (1981).

Donald M. Levy, Jr. & Debra J. Duncan, Judicial Review of Administrative Rulemaking and Enforcement Discretion: The effect of a presumption of unreviewability, 55 Geo. Wash. Law Rev. 596 (1987).

J.W. Little & T. Tompkins, Open Government Laws: an insider's view , 53 NC Law Rev. (1975).

Gary T. Lowenthal, The Disclosure of Arrest Records to the Public Under the Uniform Criminal History Records Act, 28 Jurimetrics Journal 1 (1987).

Nancy S. Marder, Symposium: Secrecy in Litigation: Article: Introduction to Secrecy in Litigation, 81 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 305 (2006).

Leslie L. Marshall, Telford: Casting Sunlight on Shadow Governments - Limits to the Delegation of Government Power to Associations of Officials and Agencies, 24 Seattle Univ. L.R. 139 (2000).

Susan G. Maurer, Access to Sealed Settlement Documents Granted Based on Common Law Right of Access to Judicial Proceedings, 60 Temple Law Quarterly (1987).

Ronald D. May, Recent Development: Public Access to Civil Court Records: A Common Law Approach, 39 Vand. L. Rev. 1465 (1986).

J.L. McGrew, How to Let in the Sunshine Without Getting Burned: protecting your rights before advisory committees , 30 Food, Drug, Cosm. Law J. (1975).

William McHenry Horne, Note: The Moment to Open Juvenile Courts: Realizing the Significance of Public Discourse in First Amendment Analysis, 39 Ind. L. Rev. 649 (2006).

Carl C. Monk, Media Access to Court Proceedings, 50 Kan. Bar Assn. Jl. (1981).

Patrick Mueller, Every Time You Brake, Every Turn You Make - I'll Be Watching You: Protecting Driver Privacy in Event Data Recorder Information, 2006 Wis. L. Rev. 135 (2006).

Jessica M. Natale, Exploring Virtual Legal Presence: The Present and the Promise, 1 J. High Tech L. 157 (2002).

Eric Neeser, Court Lets us Know for Whom the Phone Bill Tolls, 1992 New Jersey Law Journal 16. (1992).

Milo Nelson, Can You Keep a Secret? Use of encoding technique to protect government communications, 10 Information Today 6 (1993).

Laurie A. O'Connell, The Applicability of Open-Meeting Legislation to Quasi-Judicial Bodies, Utah L. Rev. (1981).

John F. O'Connor and Michael J. Baratz, Some Assembly Required: The Application Of State Open Meeting Laws To Email Correspondence, 12 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 719 (2004).

J.F. O'Leary, Right to be Informed , 54 Mass L. Q. 63 (1969).

Robert L. Park, Restricting Information: A dangerous game, 5 Issues in Sci. & Technology 1 (1988).

James R. Parramore, State Constitutions and the Press: Historical Context and Resurgence of a Libertarian Tradition, 69 Gov. Info. Quarterly 105 (1992).

Dan Paul & Richard L. Ovelmen, Access Litigation, 6 Litigation 31 (1980).

Dan Paul, Richard J. Ovelmen, Laura Besvinick & Frank Burt, Access, Communications Law, November 10, 1988.

Maria Perez Crist, Preserving the Duty to Preserve: The Increasing Vulnerability of Electronic Information, 58 S.C. L. Rev. 7 (Fall, 2006).

Henry H. Perritt, Jr., Sources of Rights to Access Public Information , 4 Wm. & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 179 (1995).

Barbara A. Petersen and Charlie Roberts, Access to Electronic Public Records, 22 Fla. St. U.L. Rev. 443 (1994).

Ann Plamondon, Recent Developments in Law of Access, 63 Journalism Quarterly 61, Spring 1986.

Jamison Prime, A Double-Barreled Assault: How Technology and Judicial Interpretations Threaten Public Access to Law Enforcement Records, 48 Fed. Comm. L.J. 341 (1996).

Teresa D. Pupillo, The Changing Weather Forecast: Government in the Sunshine in the 1990s--An Analysis of State Sunshine Laws, 71 Wash. U. L. Q. 1165 (1993).

Louis S. Raveson, Unmasking the Motives of Government Decision-makers: A subpoena for your thoughts?, 63 N.C. Law Rev. 879 (1985).

Judith Resnik, Symposium: Secrecy in Litigation: Article: Uncovering, Disclosing, and Discovering How the Public Dimensions of Court-Based Processes Are at Risk, 81 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev. 521 (2006).

Peter O. Safir & Glenn E. Davis, Disclosure of Pesticide Safety Data: A viable compromise at last?, 12 Envtl. Law Rep. (1982).

Victoria S. Salzmann, Are Public Records Really Public?: The Collision Between the Right to Privacy and the Release of Public Court Records Over the Internet, , 52 Baylor L. Rev. 355 (2000).

Robert H. Sand, Restrictions on General and Duty Clause Citations; Union Access to Health and Safety Data, 8 Empl. Rel. Law. J. (1982).

Sandra Sanders, Arizona's Public Records Laws and the Technology Age: Applying "Paper" Laws to Computer Records, 37 Ariz. L. Rev. 931 (1995).

Sandra Davidson Scott, Suggestions for a Model Statute for Access to Computerized Government Records, 2 Wm. and Mary Bill of Rights J. 29 (1993).

Cheryl M. Sheinkopf, Balancing Free Speech, Privacy and Open Government: Why Government Should Not Restrict the Truthful Reporting of Public Record Information, 44 UCLA L. Rev. 1567 (1997).

Edward F. Sherman, Confidentiality in ADR Proceedings: Policy Issues Arising from the Texas Experience, 38 S. Tex. L. Rev. 541 (1997).

Harold B. Shill, Information "Publics" and Equitable Access to Electronic Government Information: The case of agriculture, 9 Government Info. Q. 3 (1992).

N.E. Shurtz, University in the Sunshine: Application of the open meeting laws to the university setting , 5 J. Law & Education (1976).

John B. Smith, Public Access to Information Privately Submitted to Government Agencies: Balancing the needs of regulated businesses and the public, 57 Wash. Law Rev. (1982).

Thomas Snyder, Restricting Prisoners' Freedom of Information: Balancing Inmate Rights and Public Privacy Concerns, 2000 L. Rev. M.S.U.-D.C.L. 765 (2000).

Daniel J. Solove, Access and Aggregation: Public Records, Privacy and the Constitution, 86 Minn. L. Rev. 1137 (2002).

Elizabeth E. Spainhour, Unsealing Settlements: Recent Efforts To Expose Settlement Agreements That Conceal Public Hazards , 82 N.C.L. Rev. 2155 (2004).

Michael Spake, Public Access to Physician and Attorney Disciplinary Proceedings, 21 J. NAALJ 289 (2001).

Sigman Splichal, The Evolution of Computer/Privacy Concerns: Access to Government Information Held in the Balance, 1 Comm. L. & Pol'y 203, 1996.

Lisa K. Starczewski, Media Access to Tape-Recorded Evidence in Criminal Trials, 32 Vill. Law Rev. 183 (1987).

Stuart M. Statler, Let the Sunshine In?, 67 A.B.A. Jl. (1981).

Joan Steinman, Public Trial, Pseudonymous Parties: When should litigants be permitted to keep their identities confidential?, 37 Hastings Law J. 1 (1985).

Susan P. Stuart, Lex-Prazis of Educational Informational Privacy for Public Schoolchildren, 84 Neb. L. Rev. 1158, (2006).

James H. Swain, Protecting Individual Employees, Is It Safe to Complain About Safety?, 9 U. Bridgeport Law Rev. (1988).

Samuel A. Terillli & Sigman L. Splichal, Public Access to Autopsy and Death-Scene Photographs: Relational Privacy, Public Records, and Avoidable Collisions, 10 Comm. L. & Pol'y 313 (2005).

Meliah Thomas, The First Amendment Right of Access to Docket Sheets, 94 Calif. L. Rev. 1537, (2006).

Thomas H. Tucker, Sunshine- The Dubious New God, 32 Ad. Law Rev. (1980).

J.M. Vache, M.J. Makibe, Privacy in Government: Philosophical perspectives and proposals for legislation , 14 Gonzaga Law Rev. (1979).

Norman Vieira, Unwarranted Government Disclosures: Reflections on Privacy Rights, HIV and ad hoc Balancing, 47 Wayne L. Rev. 173 (2001).

H.H. Voight, Public Access to Intra-agency Documents: the International Paper case, 4 Natural Resources Law 554 (1971).

P.C. Ward, Public's Access to Government-- Freedom of Information, Privacy, and Sunshine Acts: an address , 70 Law Lib. J. (1977).

David G. Warren, Patient Medical Information and Records in the United States: Disclosure and access, 2 Health Law Can 5 (1981).

Kenneth A. Weber, State Public Records Acts: The need to exempt scientific research belonging to state universities from indiscriminate public disclosure . 10 J.C. & U.L. (1983).

R.G. Weclew, Fair Trial--Equal in Value to Free Press, 16 De Paul L. Rev. 353 (1967).

Joseph R. Weisberger, A Tale of Two Privileges, 15 Suffolk U. L. Rev. (1981).

D.Q. Wickham, Let the Sun Shine In! Open meeting legislation can be our key to closed doors in state and local government , 68 Nw. U. Law Rev. (1973).

Francis A. Wong, Preserving Government Electronic Information: Whose Job is It? Speakers Debate Who Will Throw the Life Preserver to Government Electronic Information, 6 AALL Spectrum 30 (2001).

William A. Wright, Public Access to Vote-Counting Software, 1995 U.Chi. Leg. Forum 547 (1995).

 

Higher Education: Books:

Kaplan, W. and Lee, B. (1995). The law of higher education: A comprehensive guide to legal implications of administrative decision making. (3 rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

McLaughlin, J.B. and Riesman, D. (1990). Choosing a college president: Opportunities and constraints. Princeton, NJ: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

Committee Reports:

American Association of University Professors, Subcommittee of the Association's Committee A on Tenure (1986). On open-meetings. Academe, 72(1): 3a-4a.

Finkin, M.W. and Stern, C.S. (1987). Report of committee A of the American Association of University Professors, 1986-87. Academe, 73(5): 45-53.

Articles:

Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges. (1985). Open-meetings: Let the Sunshine in. AGB Reports, 27(4): 30-33.

Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges. (2002). Is the press a trustee's friend or foe? Trusteeship, 10(2): 9-13.

Basinger, J. (2001). No long-term president and no prospects: How politics on and off the campus scuttled the search for a leader at the U. of Florida. Chronicle of Higher Education, 47(26), A35, 37.

Bickel, R.D. and Brechner, J.A. (1978). The college administrator and the courts. Asheville, NC: College Administration Publications, Inc. (ED 188509).

Blum, D. E. (1990). Universities where tenure candidates can review files say system has not been undermined: Openness is said to boost faculty morale and instill confidence that decisions are fair. Chronicle of Higher Education, 36(22): A19, 21.

Cage, M.C. (1989). Battles over state "Sunshine" laws are heating up as public colleges are pressed to open records. Chronicle of Higher Education, 35(44): A18, 21.

Cleveland, H. (1985). The costs and benefits of openness: Sunshine laws and higher education. Washington, DC: Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges (AGB). (ERIC Documented Reproduction Service No. ED 263814).

Cleveland, H. (1985). Sunshine laws and the "trilemma" they present. AGB Reports, 27(2): 17-21.

Coburn, M.B. (1992). The conflict between confidentiality and open meetings law and its impact on the faculty promotion and tenure process in the Florida State University System. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Florida State University.

Consumer Group Complains of Lack of Public Access to EDGAR, Securities Regulation and Law Report, July 3, 1992, Vol. 24, No. 27, 999.

Estes, N. (2000). State university presidential searches: Law and practice. Journal of College and University Law.

Folger, J. (1976). Legislative expectations about the accountability of higher education. Paper presented at a seminar for state leaders in postsecondary education. Inservice Education Program (IEP) Tucson, AZ.

Geenarghese, S.G. (1996). Looking behind the foundation veil: University foundations and open records laws. Journal of Law and Education, 25(2): 219-236.

Healy, P. (1998). U. of Florida chief gets to keep his job, but state board asserts control over him. Chronicle of Higher Education.

Kaplowitz, R.A. (1978). The impact of Sunshine/open meeting laws on the governing boards of public colleges and universities. Washington, DC: Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 272059).

Kauffman, J.F. (1983). Strengthening chair, CEO relationships. AGB Reports, 25(2): 17- 21.

Leatherman, C. (1993). How a leaked list revealed what was secret at Michigan State. Chronicle of Higher Education.

Leatherman, C. (1995). Top universities are having a hard time finding presidents. The Chronicle of Higher Education.

Lehman, J.S. (1997). A search in the Sunshine leaves dark clouds. Trusteeship, 5(4): 18- 22.

Letzring, T.D. (1997). The impact on institutional research of open meeting and open records laws in higher education. New Directions for Institutional Research, 24(4): 27-35.

McLaughlin, J.B. (1983). Confidentiality and disclosure in the presidential search. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.

McLaughlin, J.B. and Riesman, D. (1985). The vicissitudes of the search process. The Review of Higher Education, 8(4): 341-355.

McLaughlin, J.B. and Riesman, D. (1986). The shady side of Sunshine. Teachers College Record, 87(4): 471-494.

McLaughlin, J.B. and Riesman, D. (1989). The shady side of Sunshine: The press and presidential searches. Change, 21(1): 45-57.

McMillan, J. (1996). U. of North Carolina settles fight over closed meetings. Chronicle of Higher Education.

Meyers, K. M. (1990). State open-records acts and the NCAA bylaw requiring coaches to disclose their "athletically-related" outside income: Emptying the coaches' pockets for public inspection? Journal of College and University Law, 16(3): 497- 520.

Mingle, J.R. (1986). (Book review.) The costs and benefits of openness: Sunshine laws and higher education. Journal of College and University Law, 12(4): 569-572.

Nicklin, J. (1997). Some college fund raisers move to delete personal information from donor records. Chronicle of Higher Education, 43(20): A28, 29.

Pasternack, S., Unsealing Campus Law Enforcement Records, Newspaper Res. J. 17, Fall 1992/Winter 1993.

Peterson, M.W. and McLendon, M.K. (1998). Achieving independence through conflict and compromise: Michigan. In T. MacTaggart (Ed.). Seeking excellence through independence: Liberating colleges and universities from excessive regulation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Power, P.H. (1995). How boards get sunburned in public. Trusteeship, 3(3): 18-21.

Schmidt, P. (1999). State Supreme Court rejects open-meetings lawsuit against University of California. Chronicle of Higher Education.

Schmidt, P. (2001). Seeking the shade: Public colleges and news media increasingly clash over Sunshine-law issues. Chronicle of Higher Education, 48(6): A21, 22.

Selingo, J. (1999). Michigan Supreme Court says presidential search panels are exempt from Sunshine laws. Chronicle of Higher Education.

Sherman, M.J. (2000). How free is free enough? Public university presidential searches, university autonomy, and state open meetings acts. Journal of College and University Law, 26(4): 665-700.

 

Open Meetings: Iorio, S.H. (1985). How state open meetings laws now compare with those of 1974. Journalism Quarterly, 62(4): 741-749.

Iorio, S.H. (1985). The development of state open-meeting laws. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwest Education Council for Journalism and Mass Communication, Las Cruces, NM, October 6, 1985.

Schwing, A.T. (2000). Open meeting laws 2d. Anchorage, AK: Fathom Publishing

 


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